Our aims were to: (1) explore the limits of flow cytometry in estimating ploidy level from dried samples, including herbarium vouchers collected between 18, and (2) optimize a HTS-based method to estimate ploidy by considering allelic frequencies from nuclear genes obtained using a target-capture method.

Here, we compare different approaches using a range of yam ( Dioscorea) tissues of varying ages, drying methods and quality, including herbarium tissue. Recent studies have started to explore whether high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data can be used to assess ploidy levels by analyzing allelic frequencies from single copy nuclear genes. While flow cytometry approaches typically use fresh tissue, an increasing number of studies have shown that recently dried specimens can be used to yield ploidy data. Standard methods for ploidy determination are chromosome counting and flow cytometry approaches. Whole genome duplication (WGD) events are common in many plant lineages, but the ploidy status and possible occurrence of intraspecific ploidy variation are unknown for most species.

8Science and Technology Faculty, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands.

7Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.

6Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms, Leiden, Netherlands.

5UBC Botanical Garden & Centre for Plant Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

4Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.3Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawai’i at Mânoa, Honolulu, HI, United States.2Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.1Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom.Graham 4,5, Barbara Gravendeel 6,7,8, Paul Wilkin 1 and Ilia J. Kantar 3, Marybel Soto Gomez 4,5, Sean W. Juan Viruel 1*, María Conejero 1, Oriane Hidalgo 1,2, Lisa Pokorny 1, Robyn F.

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